The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 is signed by 118 nations and explicitly forbids any country from claiming sovereignty over the moon. But it says almost nothing about extracting and owning resources pulled from it — and that legal gray zone is what this entire race is going to be built on. The US-led Artemis Accords, now signed by 67 nations, say resource extraction doesn't count as ownership. China and Russia rejected those accords entirely and built their own counter-program: the International Lunar Research Station — a planned permanent base at the Moon's South Pole, powered by a nuclear reactor, open to non-US-aligned nations, designed for long-term resource utilization, and operational by 2035. The world's helium-3 supply, the coolant every quantum computer needs to run, is sitting in a million metric tons of lunar dust right now. There are no neutral parties in this race.
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